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Battle of Mons
The Battle of Mons was the first major action of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in the First World War. It was a subsidiary action of the Battle of the Frontiers, in which the Allies clashed with Germany on the French borders. At Mons, the British Army attempted to hold the line of the Mons–Condé Canal against the advancing German 1st Army. Although the British fought well and inflicted disproportionate casualties on the numerically superior Germans, they were eventually forced to retreat due both to the greater strength of the Germans and the sudden retreat of the French Fifth Army, which exposed the British right flank. Though initially planned as a simple tactical withdrawal and executed in good order, the British retreat from Mons lasted for two weeks and took the BEF to the outskirts of Paris before it counter-attacked in concert with the French, at the Battle of the Marne.
==Background==
Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914 and on 9 August the BEF began embarking for France.〔George Stuart Gordon, ''The Retreat from Mons'', p. 12.〕 Unlike Continental European armies, the BEF in 1914 was exceedingly small. At the beginning of the war the German and French armies numbered well over a million men each, divided into eight and five field armies respectively; the BEF had in two corps of entirely professional soldiers made up of long-service volunteer soldiers and reservists. The BEF was probably the best trained and most experienced of the European armies of 1914.〔Gordon, pp. 15–16.〕 British training emphasized rapid-fire marksmanship and the average British soldier was able to hit a man-sized target fifteen times a minute, at a range of with his Lee–Enfield rifle.〔David Lomas, ''Mons 1914: The BEF's Tactical Triumph'', pp. 14, 62.〕 This ability to generate a high volume of accurate rifle-fire played an important role in the BEF's battles of 1914.〔Nikolas Gardner, ''Trial by Fire: Command and the British Expeditionary Force in 1914'', p. 36.〕
The Battle of Mons took place as part of the Battle of the Frontiers, in which the advancing German armies clashed with the advancing Allied armies along the Franco-Belgian and Franco-German borders. The BEF was stationed on the left of the Allied line, which stretched from Alsace-Lorraine in the east to Mons and Charleroi in southern Belgium.〔Ernest W. Hamilton, ''The First Seven Divisions'', p. 3.〕〔Lomas, p. 28.〕 The British position on the French flank meant that it stood in the path of the German 1st Army, the outermost wing of the massive "right hook" intended by the Schlieffen Plan (a combination of the ドイツ語:''Aufmarsch I West'' and ドイツ語:''Aufmarsch II West'' deployment plans), to pursue the Allied armies after defeating them on the frontier and force them to abandon northern France and Belgium or risk destruction.
The British reached Mons on 22 August.〔Hamilton, p. 5.〕 On that day, the French Fifth Army, located on the right of the BEF, was heavily engaged with the German 2nd and 3rd armies at the Battle of Charleroi. At the request of the Fifth Army commander, General Charles Lanrezac, the BEF commander, Field Marshal Sir John French, agreed to hold the line of the Condé–Mons–Charleroi Canal for twenty-four hours, to prevent the advancing German 1st Army from threatening the French left flank. The British thus spent the day digging in along the canal.〔Gordon, p. 24.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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